MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN GENETIC MAPPING OF COTTON FOR YIELD, FIBER EXCELLENCE, AND ABIOTIC STRESS RESISTANCE

Abstract

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is among the world’s most significant cash crops, supplying natural fiber and supporting both the textile and agricultural sectors. Its productivity, however, is often limited by pests, diseases, and various abiotic stresses, which are inadequately addressed by conventional breeding approaches. Recent advances in genome sequencing and molecular breeding have opened new avenues for improving fiber quality and stress tolerance. This review highlights recent progress in genetic mapping, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) for identifying genes linked to key agronomic traits. Innovations in high-throughput sequencing and genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have enabled precise manipulation of target genes to enhance cotton performance. The integration of high-density molecular markers with genomic selection has accelerated breeding cycles by allowing early prediction of desirable traits. Furthermore, combining traditional breeding with genomic tools has helped overcome challenges associated with polyploidy and genetic bottlenecks, leading to more stable yields under stress conditions. Future research should focus on the wider application of genome-assisted breeding, functional genomics, and high-throughput phenotyping to improve cotton’s adaptability to climate variability and biotic pressures. Overall, genomics-integrated breeding offers a promising strategy for achieving sustainable gains in cotton yield, fiber quality, and stress resilience.