Journal of Agricultural Innovation and Sustainability
The Journal of Agricultural Innovation and Sustainability (JAIS),(ISSN Online: 3106-7921; ISSN Print: 3106-7913) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal dedicated to advancing research and knowledge in agricultural sciences, innovation, and sustainable development. The journal provides a global platform for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and academicians to exchange ideas and disseminate cutting-edge findings that contribute to resilient and sustainable food systems. The Journal is published under the auspices of the Factum Research Institute (SMC-Private) Limited, a legal entity duly incorporated and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration # 0310960 JAIS publishes original research articles, review papers, and case studies that address emerging trends and technologies in agriculture, including precision farming, climate-smart agriculture, agroecology, sustainable resource management, biotechnology, food security, and rural development. The journal emphasizes innovative solutions and policy frameworks that enhance agricultural productivity while preserving environmental integrity and promoting social equity. Committed to scientific excellence and ethical publishing standards, the Journal of Agricultural Innovation and Sustainability seeks to bridge the gap between research and practice by fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration among global experts.
Factum Research Institute (SMC-Private) Limited
ENHANCING PHYTOSTABILIZATION OF HEAVY METAL-CONTAMINATED SOILS THROUGH MICROBIAL ASSISTANCE
Heavy metal contamination arising from industrialization, mining, agricultural practices, and urban development represents a significant threat to ecosystems, agricultural sustainability, and human health. Toxic metals, including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), are persistent environmental pollutants that accumulate in soils, enter food chains, and disturb ecological processes. Conventional remediation techniques, such as soil excavation and chemical amendments, are often costly, environmentally disruptive, and may negatively affect soil structure and fertility. Phytoremediation, particularly phytostabilization, has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach that utilizes plants and their associated rhizosphere microorganisms to immobilize heavy metals. By reducing metal mobility, limiting leaching into groundwater, and decreasing metal transfer to the food chain, phytostabilization contributes to the restoration of contaminated soils. Metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) further enhance this process through the production of siderophores, exopolysaccharides, biofilms, and phytohormones, which promote metal immobilization, improve plant stress tolerance, and support soil fertility. In addition, these beneficial microorganisms suppress soil-borne pathogens and enhance nutrient availability, facilitating plant establishment and growth under metal-stressed conditions. Despite its considerable potential, the widespread application of rhizobacteria-assisted phytostabilization is constrained by challenges such as limited plant biomass production, variability in soil properties, and uncertainties regarding long-term stability and effectiveness. Future research should focus on improving the understanding of plant–microbe interactions and optimizing microbial consortia under diverse environmental conditions. Rhizobacteria-mediated phytostabilization represents a promising eco-friendly strategy for reducing heavy metal pollution, restoring degraded soils, and supporting sustainable agricultural productivity
Metal-tolerant rhizobacteria; Phytostabilization; Bioremediation; Rhizosphere; Heavy metal immobilization
SILICON-MEDIATED SOIL–PLANT RELATIONSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION
Silicon (Si), although not classified as an essential plant nutrient, plays a significant role in crop growth, development, and stress adaptation. Naturally occurring in soils at varying concentrations, Si is absorbed by plant roots and predominantly deposited in cell walls, where it strengthens plant tissues and enhances resistance against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicate minerals represent the primary reservoir of Si in soils, gradually releasing soluble forms through mineral weathering processes. Soil properties, including pH, temperature, and microbial activity, strongly influence Si availability by regulating mineral dissolution and the release of bioavailable Si forms. Within plants, Si metabolism involves coordinated processes of uptake, transport, and deposition, facilitated by specialized root transport systems that enable efficient movement to aboveground tissues. Silicon supplementation enhances plant performance by improving photosynthetic activity, nutrient acquisition, water use efficiency, and overall physiological stability. This review highlights the potential of Si fertilization as a sustainable strategy for alleviating the impacts of environmental stresses while improving soil–plant health. Furthermore, Si application contributes to the mitigation of heavy metal toxicity by limiting metal uptake, reducing oxidative damage, and enhancing plant defense mechanisms. The review also examines morphological, physiological, and physicochemical responses of plants to Si enrichment and discusses emerging research opportunities that may support sustainable crop production, global food security, and progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Arsenic; Soil minerals; Heavy metals; Remediation; Crop supplementation; Physicochemical attributes
SYNERGISTIC IMPACT OF BIOGENIC SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND RHIZOBACTERIA ON LETTUCE GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY
Sustainable agriculture requires innovative strategies that enhance crop productivity and stress resilience while minimizing environmental impacts. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising tools for improving plant performance; however, their synergistic effects on crop physiological and biochemical processes remain insufficiently explored. In this study, twenty selenium (Se)-resistant Gram-positive bacterial strains were isolated from agricultural soils and screened for important plant growth-promoting traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production. Selected bacterial strains were applied as seed inoculants to Lactuca sativa (lettuce) under semi-field conditions. Experimental treatments included bacterial inoculation alone, foliar application of SeNPs alone, and a combined application of bacterial strains and SeNPs. After six weeks of growth, plant performance was assessed through measurements of growth parameters (root length, leaf length, and fresh biomass), photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), soluble protein concentration, and peroxidase activity. The combined application of Se-resistant PGPB and SeNPs significantly improved lettuce growth and enhanced biochemical responses associated with stress tolerance. In particular, the NB11 + SeNP treatment increased soluble protein content by 75% and peroxidase activity by 65% compared with the control treatment (p ≤ 0.05). Heat map analysis demonstrated strong positive associations among growth and biochemical attributes under combined treatments, while principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components accounted for 77.1% of the total variance, effectively differentiating combined treatments from individual applications and control groups. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic application of SeNPs and Se-resistant PGPB represents a promising bio-based strategy for improving plant growth, stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. This integrated approach provides a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers, particularly for enhancing crop productivity in stress-prone agroecosystems
Plant growth-promoting bacteria; Biogenic selenium nanoparticles; Rhizobacteria; Lettuce; Sustainable agriculture; Nano-enabled agriculture; Stress tolerance; Pigment stability; Plant–microbe interaction
EVALUATING LONG-TERM CROPPING PATTERN SHIFTS AND MULTI-SCALE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
Climate change, characterized by altered weather patterns, rising temperatures, declining groundwater levels, and variations in wind patterns and atmospheric pressure, represents a major challenge for agricultural sustainability. To assess farmers’ perceptions of climate change and its impacts on cropping systems, a study was conducted in District Dir Lower, a mountainous, rain-fed region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where subsistence farming is the predominant livelihood. The findings revealed substantial changes in cropping patterns over time. Wheat remained the dominant crop, cultivated on approximately 90% of the total cultivated area, followed by maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa), which occupied 30% and 29% of the cultivated land, respectively. Certain crops, including opium (Papaver somniferum L.), were discontinued due to declining land availability and limited economic benefits. Variations in livestock populations and crop productivity were primarily attributed to the adoption of improved production technologies and adaptive management strategies rather than solely to climatic influences. The study also identified significant changes in seasonal patterns. The duration of summer has increased to nearly 28 weeks, whereas winter has declined to approximately 8 weeks. Similarly, spring and autumn have been reduced to about 4 and 3.5 weeks, respectively, with some seasonal characteristics becoming increasingly indistinct. The onset of monsoon rainfall has shifted by 4–5 weeks, while winter precipitation has been delayed by 6–7 weeks compared with historical trends. Furthermore, average temperatures have increased by approximately 20%, 27%, 30%, and 27% during winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Groundwater resources have also declined by 30–40 feet in several locations, particularly in areas with extensive eucalyptus plantations, highlighting increasing pressure on water availability and agricultural resilience
Adaptation, Climate Change, Cropping Pattern, Seasonal Variations, Water Table
SENSORY EVALUATION OF RICE GRAINS: CURRENT METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND THEIR EXPERIMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Sensory evaluation plays a crucial role in determining the organoleptic attributes of rice, including appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture, which are key factors influencing consumer preference, acceptance, and market value. This review provides an overview of contemporary approaches used for rice sensory assessment, encompassing traditional human sensory panels alongside emerging instrumental and technology-driven methods, such as gas chromatography (GC), electronic nose systems, texture profile analysis (TPA), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based analytical tools. It further discusses the significance of well-trained sensory panels, standardized evaluation procedures, and the integration of sensory data into rice breeding programs, variety registration, and quality management systems. By examining global advancements and practices, this review underscores the essential role of sensory profiling in the development of rice cultivars that achieve a balance between agronomic performance, quality attributes, and changing consumer expectations
Aroma, Basmati, sensory evaluation, KOH test, chromatography, texture analysis
ADVANCING GLYPHOSATE REMEDIATION THROUGH PLANT–MICROBE SYNERGISTIC APPROACHES
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Bioremediation; Glyphosate; Biodegradation; Pesticides; Rhizodegradation; Toxicity
ADVANCING PHYTOSTABILIZATION OF HEAVY METAL-CONTAMINATED SOIL THROUGH MICROBIAL ASSISTANCE
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ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE THROUGH SILICON-DRIVEN SOIL–PLANT RELATIONSHIPS
Silicon (Si), although not classified as an essential nutrient, plays a vital role in crop growth and development. It is present in soils at varying concentrations and is absorbed by plant roots, where it is predominantly deposited in cell walls, enhancing structural integrity and providing protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicate minerals are the primary source of Si, gradually releasing plant-available forms through weathering processes. The availability of silicon is influenced by factors such as soil pH, temperature, and microbial activity, which regulate its solubility and release from mineral reserves. In plants, silicon dynamics encompass uptake, transport, and deposition, mediated by specialized root transporters that facilitate its efficient movement to aerial tissues. Silicon contributes to improved plant performance by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and water use efficiency. This review highlights the role of silicon fertilization in mitigating the impacts of both biotic and abiotic stresses while promoting overall soil–plant health. Additionally, silicon application has been shown to alleviate heavy metal toxicity by reducing their uptake and harmful effects in plants. The review further examines morphological and physicochemical responses to silicon supplementation and identifies emerging research directions that support food security and align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
BIOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF THE COTTON BACTERIAL BLIGHT PATHOGEN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:4d68c37f-c4e4-4ca8-b716-200f270f373c-2" data-testid="conversation-turn-6" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), is a major disease affecting cotton production in Pakistan. Effective management of this disease depends on a thorough understanding of the pathogen’s characteristics. In the present study, Xcm was isolated from infected cotton samples collected in the Bahawalpur region and subsequently purified. Identification was performed through morphological, biochemical, and cultural analyses. Biochemical characterization showed that the isolates were positive for potassium hydroxide (KOH), catalase activity, oxidative–fermentative (OF) reaction, urease activity, starch hydrolysis, citrate utilization, methyl red, Voges–Proskauer, and casein hydrolysis tests, while they were negative for Gram staining, indole production, and arginine dihydrolase activity. Cultural observations revealed the formation of mucoid, convex colonies with yellow to orange pigmentation on nutrient agar. On yeast extract dextrose calcium carbonate (YDCA) medium, colonies appeared flattened or slightly raised, mucoid, and ranged in color from bright to pale yellow. These findings provide valuable insights for accurate identification of Xcm and support further in vitro evaluation of management strategies for controlling bacterial blight in cotton.
Cotton; Bacterial blight; Biochemical characterization; Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm
RECENT PROGRESS IN SILICON-MEDIATED MOLECULAR AND GENETIC MECHANISMS OF PLANT ABIOTIC STRESS RESPONSES
Sustainable agricultural production is increasingly threatened by unpredictable and adverse environmental conditions. In this context, the use of mineral nutrients has gained attention as an effective alternative to conventional approaches for mitigating abiotic stress. Among these elements, silicon (Si)—the second most abundant element in the Earth’s lithosphere—plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular, physiological, and developmental processes in plants. Its application has been reported to enhance seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic performance, gas exchange, and overall yield under both stress and non-stress conditions. The beneficial effects of silicon are particularly evident in Si-accumulating species, especially under abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperature fluctuations. Exogenous application of silicon induces notable changes in morphophysiological and biochemical attributes, thereby strengthening plant tolerance to environmental stress. This chapter provides an overview of the occurrence, sources, uptake, accumulation, and transport of silicon in plants. It further explores recent advances in silicon-mediated stress alleviation, with a focus on molecular and genetic approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, silicon-based nanomaterials, and genome-editing technologies. The objective is to offer a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted role of silicon in enhancing plant resilience and to underscore its potential as a sustainable tool for improving crop productivity under challenging environmental conditions.
Silicon; Abiotic stress; Genome editing; Proteomics; Metabolomics; Plant stress physiology
ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING SILICON-MEDIATED MOLECULAR AND GENETIC RESPONSES TO ABIOTIC STRESS IN PLANTS
Sustainable agricultural production is increasingly threatened by unpredictable and adverse environmental conditions. The application of mineral elements has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate the effects of abiotic stress, offering an alternative to conventional management practices. Among these elements, silicon (Si)—the second most abundant element in the Earth’s lithosphere—plays a vital role in a wide range of cellular, physiological, and developmental processes in plants. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Si application enhances seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic performance, gas exchange, and yield under both stress and non-stress conditions. The beneficial effects of silicon are particularly evident in silicon-accumulating plant species, especially when exposed to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperature fluctuations. Exogenous application of Si induces substantial modifications in morpho-physiological and biochemical traits, thereby strengthening plant tolerance to environmental stressors. This chapter reviews the occurrence, sources, uptake, accumulation, and transport of silicon in plants. It further highlights recent advances in silicon-mediated stress alleviation through molecular and genetic approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, silicon nanoparticles, and genome-editing technologies. Overall, the chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of silicon in alleviating abiotic stress and to emphasize its potential as a sustainable strategy for enhancing crop resilience and productivity
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF BIOGENIC SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND RHIZOBACTERIA ON GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF LETTUCE
Sustainable agriculture demands innovative strategies to enhance crop productivity and stress resilience while minimizing environmental impacts. Plant growth–promoting bacteria (PGPB) and biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have individually demonstrated significant potential in improving plant performance; however, their combined effects on crop physiological and biochemical responses remain largely unexplored. In this study, twenty selenium (Se)-resistant Gram-positive bacterial strains were isolated from agricultural soils and screened for essential plant growth–promoting traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production. Selected strains were subsequently used to inoculate Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seeds under semi-field conditions. Experimental treatments comprised bacterial inoculation alone, foliar application of SeNPs alone, and a combined application of both. After six weeks of growth, key plant growth parameters (root length, leaf length, and fresh weight) were assessed alongside biochemical attributes, including photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), soluble protein concentration, and peroxidase activity. The combined application of selected bacterial strains and SeNPs resulted in a significant enhancement of lettuce growth and stress-related biochemical responses. Notably, the NB11 + SeNP treatment increased soluble protein content by 75% and peroxidase activity by 65% compared with the control (p ≤ 0.05). Heat map analysis revealed strong positive correlations between growth and biochemical parameters under combined treatments, while principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first three components accounted for 77.1% of the total variance, clearly distinguishing the combined treatments from the other experimental groups. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the synergistic application of Se-resistant PGPB and SeNPs represents a promising bio-based strategy to enhance plant growth, stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. This approach offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers, particularly in stress-prone agroecosystems
ORGANIC AMENDMENTS AS A STRATEGY TO ENHANCE SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND SPINACH PRODUCTIVITY
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an important leafy vegetable crop in Pakistan due to its high nutritional value and economic importance. However, climate change and rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations pose increasing challenges to agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability. In this context, soil organic matter plays a crucial role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions, regulating biogeochemical cycles, and enhancing carbon sequestration. To assess the impact of organic amendments on soil carbon sequestration and spinach productivity, an experiment was conducted using residual soil and organic manures. The treatments included: a control with recommended inorganic fertilizers only, 1% organic amendment combined with 50% of the recommended fertilizer dose, 2% organic amendment combined with 50% of the recommended fertilizer dose, 1% organic amendment alone, and 2% organic amendment alone. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications at the Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The results indicated that organic amendments significantly (p < 0.05) improved soil carbon sequestration and spinach yield compared to the control treatment. Among all treatments, the application of 2% organic amendment showed the most pronounced effects, resulting in higher soil organic carbon content, improved water use efficiency, increased infiltration rate and soil porosity, and reduced soil bulk density. Overall, the application of a 2% organic amendment proved to be the most effective strategy for enhancing soil health, increasing carbon storage, and promoting spinach growth, thereby contributing to sustainable crop production and soil management under changing climatic conditions.
Spinach; Soil carbon sequestration; Organic amendments; Soil health; Plant growth; Nutrient management
IMPROVING SOIL HEALTH THROUGH ORGANIC AGRICULTURE: EFFECTS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Soil health is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture and global food security. Organic farming practices are increasingly acknowledged for their capacity to enhance soil quality and crop performance. This study evaluated the effects of organic amendments—farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost (VC)—in comparison with conventional fertilizers, urea (U) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), on soil health indicators and wheat growth. The findings revealed significant (P < 0.05) improvements in both physicochemical and biological soil properties under organic treatments relative to conventional fertilization. Application of organic amendments substantially increased soil organic matter (6.33-fold with VC and 5.70-fold with FYM), porosity (2.60-fold and 1.78-fold), and moisture content (1.93-fold and 1.81-fold). In contrast, bulk density and soil pH were reduced by 1.19-fold and 1.12-fold under VC and FYM treatments, respectively. Biological parameters, including microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and phosphorus (MBP), showed marked increases, with VC resulting in 2.18-, 3.64-, and 4.10-fold enhancements and FYM producing 2.01-, 2.93-, and 3.08-fold increases. Moreover, populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly higher in soils receiving organic amendments. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong relationships between soil physicochemical and biological attributes, underscoring their integrated role in maintaining soil health. Overall, the use of organic amendments significantly improved soil fertility, microbial diversity, and biological activity compared with conventional fertilizers, highlighting the importance of organic agriculture for long-term soil productivity and ecological sustainability
Organic agriculture; Physicochemical properties; Biological properties; Soil health; Sustainable farming; Wheat
INFLUENCE OF ZINC SULPHATE LEVELS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND YIELD OF WHEAT
Zinc deficiency is a major constraint to wheat productivity, particularly in arid regions where the optimum application rate of zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) has not been clearly established. This study evaluated the effects of varying ZnSO₄ levels on the growth and yield of the wheat variety Azric at the Experimental Research Site of Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, during the 2022–2023 growing season. The experiment consisted of six treatments arranged in a randomized design with three replications. Key agronomic parameters assessed included plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. The results demonstrated that the application of ZnSO₄ at 12 kg ha⁻¹ (T₆) significantly improved all growth and yield attributes compared to the control treatment. Notable increases were observed in plant height (6.93%), spike length (24.2%), spikelets per spike (18.42%), grains per spike (18.61%), 1000-grain weight (25.58%), grain yield (60.25%), and straw yield (9.96%). These findings suggest that a ZnSO₄ application rate of 12 kg ha⁻¹ is the most effective for maximizing wheat productivity under arid conditions. Adequate zinc fertilization not only enhances crop yield and grain quality but also improves soil fertility, thereby contributing to food security and better human nutrition.
Zinc; Wheat yield; Micronutrient deficiency; Arid agriculture; Grain quality; Soil fertility management
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES ON CARBON EMISSIONS IN BONSUCRO AND NON-BONSUCRO SUGARCANE CULTIVATION SYSTEMS
Bonsucro, Sustainable agriculture, Renewable energy, Carbon emissions, Climate resilience, Irrigation practices
STRENGTHENING GLOBAL NUTRITION THROUGH OILSEED CROP BIOFORTIFICATION
Malnutrition, caused by deficiencies in essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, remains a pressing global public health issue. Biofortification—the enhancement of crop nutritional quality through genetic engineering, plant breeding, and agronomic practices—offers a sustainable, long-term solution to this challenge. Oilseed crops, including soybean, canola, sunflower, olive, safflower, and sesame, are vital to human diets due to their rich content of fats, proteins, and essential micronutrients. Biofortifying these crops holds significant potential to address deficiencies in iron, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins A, D, and E. Recent advances include biofortified canola varieties enriched with lysine, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, transgenic safflower with increased omega-9 content, and selenium-fortified olive oil. Innovative techniques such as nutrient priming and gene editing have enabled the development of transgenic cultivars with enhanced nutrient profiles, boosting both their nutritional value and associated health benefits. Implementing biofortification strategies in oilseed crops can significantly improve global nutrient intake and reduce malnutrition, particularly in low-income regions. Furthermore, integrating these strategies with precision agriculture and modern technological innovations can strengthen global food security and public health. Overall, biofortification represents a forward-looking, sustainable approach to ensuring a nutrient-rich food supply for future generations.
VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AMONG THREE CULTIVARS OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)
Mango (Mangifera indica L.), often referred to as the “King of Fruits,” is valued for its distinctive aroma, flavor, and nutrient-rich composition, making it economically and nutritionally important. Characterizing mango varieties is essential for genetic improvement and breeding efforts. This study, conducted at the Horticultural Research Station in Bahawalpur, aimed to evaluate and characterize three mango varieties—Sindhri, Langra, and Kingstone Pride—using a combined morpho-biochemical approach. Morphological traits, including fruit length, width, peel, pulp, stone, and overall fruit weight, were assessed alongside biochemical parameters such as total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, anthocyanin, carotenoid levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities (POD and CAT). Results indicated that the Langra variety exhibited superior morphological traits, Sindhri excelled in fruit quality attributes, and Kingstone Pride showed the highest antioxidative potential. The study highlights significant variation among the evaluated genotypes in both morphological and biochemical characteristics, providing a valuable foundation for future mango breeding and improvement programs.
EXPLORING THE BIOFERTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS ON TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM L.) GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY
Rising global populations have intensified food demand, driving the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers, which degrade soil quality and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. As a sustainable alternative, algal biofertilizers—especially those derived from Chlorella vulgaris—present a promising strategy to boost crop productivity while preserving ecological balance. This study examined the impact of a Chlorella vulgaris-based biofertilizer on the growth and biochemical parameters of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The nutrient-rich microalga C. vulgaris was cultivated in Bold’s Basal Medium, identified via microscopy, PCR, and Sanger sequencing, and formulated into a biofertilizer (OD 0.27). Tomato seedlings were assigned to three treatments: control, Chlorella-treated, and urea-treated. Plants receiving the Chlorella biofertilizer exhibited enhanced growth, including increased root length, leaf number, and plant height. Biochemical analyses revealed higher levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, reflecting improved photosynthetic activity and overall plant health, while elevated proline levels indicated a mild stress response. These results underscore the potential of Chlorella vulgaris as a sustainable biofertilizer for improving plant growth, though further research is needed to fully elucidate plant stress mechanisms prior to large-scale application.
CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE: A REVIEW OF HUMAN–SNOW LEOPARD CONSERVATION DYNAMICS IN PAKISTAN
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an ecologically and evolutionarily important apex predator, crucial for maintaining the balance of Pakistan’s high-mountain ecosystems. Despite this, its long-term survival faces mounting threats from habitat fragmentation, declining prey populations, and ongoing human–wildlife conflict. This review critically evaluates four principal conservation strategies implemented in Pakistan: community-based conservation programs, predator-proof livestock enclosures, compensation and insurance schemes, and habitat restoration initiatives. Recent research highlights both the successes and limitations of these approaches, offering a nuanced assessment of their effectiveness. Livestock depredation continues to be the main source of human–snow leopard conflict, frequently leading to retaliatory killings that erode local support for conservation. Effectively addressing these challenges requires adaptive management, participatory governance, and stronger cross-sector collaboration to harmonize conservation objectives with local livelihoods. The review also identifies three key knowledge gaps: (1) the need for standardized conflict data, (2) consistent and improved monitoring of snow leopard populations, and (3) enhanced transboundary conservation planning. Addressing these gaps is critical for informing policy and developing coexistence strategies that safeguard both the snow leopard and the socioeconomic well-being of the mountain communities that share its habitat.
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN GENETIC MAPPING OF COTTON FOR YIELD, FIBER EXCELLENCE, AND ABIOTIC STRESS RESISTANCE
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is among the world’s most significant cash crops, supplying natural fiber and supporting both the textile and agricultural sectors. Its productivity, however, is often limited by pests, diseases, and various abiotic stresses, which are inadequately addressed by conventional breeding approaches. Recent advances in genome sequencing and molecular breeding have opened new avenues for improving fiber quality and stress tolerance. This review highlights recent progress in genetic mapping, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) for identifying genes linked to key agronomic traits. Innovations in high-throughput sequencing and genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have enabled precise manipulation of target genes to enhance cotton performance. The integration of high-density molecular markers with genomic selection has accelerated breeding cycles by allowing early prediction of desirable traits. Furthermore, combining traditional breeding with genomic tools has helped overcome challenges associated with polyploidy and genetic bottlenecks, leading to more stable yields under stress conditions. Future research should focus on the wider application of genome-assisted breeding, functional genomics, and high-throughput phenotyping to improve cotton’s adaptability to climate variability and biotic pressures. Overall, genomics-integrated breeding offers a promising strategy for achieving sustainable gains in cotton yield, fiber quality, and stress resilience.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF HELMINTH PARASITE INFECTIONS IN MARINE FISHES FROM COASTAL WATERS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Fish are a major source of affordable protein globally and play an essential role in supporting economic livelihoods through fisheries. The present study assessed the prevalence and intensity of helminth parasite infections in four commercially valuable marine fish species—Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Johnius dussumieri, Plectorhynchus cinctus, and Pampus argenteus—collected from the Karachi coast. From January to December 2022, a total of 113 fish specimens were collected monthly using cast nets, hand nets, and fishing rods with the help of local fishermen. Parasitological examination revealed that 84.07% of the fish were infected with helminth parasites. The highest infection prevalence was recorded in June (45.46%), while the lowest occurred in January (3.33%). Among the studied species, Pampus argenteus showed the greatest mean infection intensity (2.15 parasites per infected fish), followed by Johnius dussumieri (1.89), Plectorhynchus cinctus (1.87), and Lutjanus argentimaculatus (1.70). Seasonal analysis indicated a markedly higher infection rate during summer compared to winter. These results highlight the species-specific vulnerability of marine fish to helminth infections and underscore their implications for fish health, food safety, and sustainable fisheries management.
EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE FARMING PRACTICES IN RURAL PAKISTAN
The growing global demand for food and agricultural commodities has exerted tremendous pressure on natural ecosystems, leading to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and ecological imbalance. While modern intensive farming systems have substantially enhanced agricultural productivity, they have also intensified challenges such as soil erosion, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and greenhouse gas emissions—posing significant threats to environmental sustainability. This study explores strategies to increase food production through sustainable agricultural practices while minimizing environmental impacts under field conditions in Sindh, Pakistan. Specifically, it evaluates the effectiveness of organic farming, integrated pest management (IPM), conservation tillage, efficient water management, drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and crop diversification. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, integrating qualitative and quantitative analyses based on both primary and secondary data sources. Real-time experimental trials were carried out at the Latif Experimental Farm, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The findings provide valuable insights into the transition toward sustainable agriculture, offering strategies to enhance food security and promote environmental conservation. This research presents practical recommendations for policymakers, researchers, farmers, and development organizations, emphasizing the importance of region-specific approaches that balance productivity with ecological sustainability. Overall, it underscores sustainable agriculture as a pivotal pathway toward achieving long-term environmental resilience and economic stability.
EFFECT OF LIQUID POLLEN CONCENTRATIONS ON FRUIT SET, YIELD, AND QUALITY OF DHAKKI AND ZAHIDI DATE PALM IN D.I. KHAN
Fish represent a crucial source of affordable protein globally and contribute significantly to economic livelihoods through fisheries. The present study investigated the prevalence and intensity of helminth parasite infections in four commercially important marine fish species—Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Johnius dussumieri, Plectorhynchus cinctus, and Pampus argenteus—collected from the Karachi coast. Between January and December 2022, a total of 113 fish specimens were collected monthly using cast nets, hand nets, and fishing rods with the assistance of local fishermen. Parasitological examination revealed that 84.07% of the fish were infected with helminth parasites. The highest infection prevalence was recorded in June (45.46%), while the lowest occurred in January (3.33%). Among the studied species, Pampus argenteus exhibited the greatest mean infection intensity (2.15 parasites per infected fish), followed by Johnius dussumieri (1.89), Plectorhynchus cinctus (1.87), and Lutjanus argentimaculatus (1.70). Seasonal analysis indicated a substantially higher infection rate during summer compared to winter. These results demonstrate species-specific differences in susceptibility to helminth infections and emphasize their implications for fish health, food safety, and sustainable fisheries management.
EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND POSTHARVEST VARIABILITY IN IRIS KASHMIRIANA UNDER EMS-INDUCED MUTAGENESIS
Iris kashmiriana, a hardy perennial cut flower of the family Iridaceae and native to northern Pakistan, possesses notable floral, commercial, and medicinal importance. The present study was conducted to induce phenotypic variation through ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)—a potent chemical mutagen capable of causing point mutations in DNA. Five EMS concentrations (control, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) were tested using a 5-minute dipping treatment, and a range of morphological, floral, and postharvest traits were evaluated to determine the mutagenic response. Among the treatments, 0.5% EMS (T3) produced the most favorable results, showing marked increases in rhizome diameter (3.16 cm), leaf length (29.1 cm), number of leaves (8.4), plant height (32.8 cm), stalk length (28.26 cm), and flower count (2.26). This treatment also delayed floral senescence (2.46 days), extended vase life (4.66 days), and achieved the highest overall quality score (7.5), demonstrating improved postharvest performance. A moderate improvement was observed at 0.25% EMS (T2), while the highest concentration (1.0%; T4) had adverse effects, resulting in reduced flower diameter (0.7 cm), smaller petal area (3 cm²), and shorter vase life (0.7 days). Overall, the 0.5% EMS treatment proved to be the most effective in enhancing the morphological, floral, and postharvest traits of Iris kashmiriana, indicating its strong potential for use in mutation breeding and quality enhancement of ornamental crops.
ASSESSING THE TOXIC IMPACT OF COBOX ON SALMO TRUTTA FARIO: LETHAL CONCENTRATION AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE ANALYSIS
URBANIZATION AND ITS CROSS-SECTORAL IMPACTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE: A NEXUS APPROACH
EVALUATION OF BIOPESTICIDES FOR MANAGING SUCKING INSECTS AND IMPROVING YIELD IN BITTER GOURD (MOMORDICA CHARANTIAL.)
ESTABLISHMENT AND VALIDATION OF A RELIABLE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD FOR HUMIC ACID ESTIMATION
EFFECT OF VARIOUS ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.)