SILICON-MEDIATED SOIL–PLANT RELATIONSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION

Abstract

Silicon (Si), although not classified as an essential plant nutrient, plays a significant role in crop growth, development, and stress adaptation. Naturally occurring in soils at varying concentrations, Si is absorbed by plant roots and predominantly deposited in cell walls, where it strengthens plant tissues and enhances resistance against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicate minerals represent the primary reservoir of Si in soils, gradually releasing soluble forms through mineral weathering processes. Soil properties, including pH, temperature, and microbial activity, strongly influence Si availability by regulating mineral dissolution and the release of bioavailable Si forms.

Within plants, Si metabolism involves coordinated processes of uptake, transport, and deposition, facilitated by specialized root transport systems that enable efficient movement to aboveground tissues. Silicon supplementation enhances plant performance by improving photosynthetic activity, nutrient acquisition, water use efficiency, and overall physiological stability. This review highlights the potential of Si fertilization as a sustainable strategy for alleviating the impacts of environmental stresses while improving soil–plant health. Furthermore, Si application contributes to the mitigation of heavy metal toxicity by limiting metal uptake, reducing oxidative damage, and enhancing plant defense mechanisms. The review also examines morphological, physiological, and physicochemical responses of plants to Si enrichment and discusses emerging research opportunities that may support sustainable crop production, global food security, and progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals