ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE THROUGH SILICON-DRIVEN SOIL–PLANT RELATIONSHIPS

Abstract

Silicon (Si), although not classified as an essential nutrient, plays a vital role in crop growth and development. It is present in soils at varying concentrations and is absorbed by plant roots, where it is predominantly deposited in cell walls, enhancing structural integrity and providing protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicate minerals are the primary source of Si, gradually releasing plant-available forms through weathering processes. The availability of silicon is influenced by factors such as soil pH, temperature, and microbial activity, which regulate its solubility and release from mineral reserves.

In plants, silicon dynamics encompass uptake, transport, and deposition, mediated by specialized root transporters that facilitate its efficient movement to aerial tissues. Silicon contributes to improved plant performance by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and water use efficiency.

This review highlights the role of silicon fertilization in mitigating the impacts of both biotic and abiotic stresses while promoting overall soil–plant health. Additionally, silicon application has been shown to alleviate heavy metal toxicity by reducing their uptake and harmful effects in plants. The review further examines morphological and physicochemical responses to silicon supplementation and identifies emerging research directions that support food security and align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.